An Analysis of Characters in Jane Austens Pride and...

An Analysis of Characters in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice An author will often give his or her work a title that reflects the overall theme or meaning of the piece-this is certainly the case in Jane Austens novel Pride and Prejudice. A title may set the mood or describe a situation which otherwise might require several paragraphs to develop. Pride and Prejudice is a combination of humor, irony, and twists of events. Austen entitles her work Pride and Prejudice to emphasize subtly the fact that most characters in the work have a certain degree of pride or prejudice. Among the characters who display these traits are Mr. Collins, Mr. Wickham, Lady Catherine de Bourgh, Miss Bingley, and, of course, Darcy and Elizabeth. Although†¦show more content†¦(66) He is all too eager to tell anyone and everyone about his relationship with the prestigious de Bourgh family. Mr. Collins greatly esteems himself and his position in society. He also revels in the fact that the Bennets estate is entailed on him. At one point he even proposes to Lizzy and is shocked when she is not won over simply by his social status. Elizabeth goes on to say that the woman who marries [Mr. Collins] cannot have a proper way of thinking (129). Indeed, the sole reason for Charlottes marrying him is to secure for herself a comfortable position in life. Elizabeth finds difficulty in understanding how anyone could love a proud man such as Mr. Collins. On the other hand, the man who nearly wins Elizabeths heart is Mr. Wickham. He appears one day and immediately captures the hearts of all the young ladies in the neighborhood. Wickhams description of the dealings he has had with Darcy leaves Elizabeth feeling pity and compassion toward him but a stronger degree of dislike for Mr. Darcy. Wickham is obviously proud of the fact that his father was highly esteemed by the late Mr. Darcy. George Wickham thinks that Mr. Darcy owes him something for all that his father did for the Darcys at Pemberley and will stop at nothing to see that he is justly compensated. Slyly but shrewdly, Wickham encourages Elizabeth to believe that the younger Darcy has been remiss in his social duties (Kliger 54). Wickham deceives Lizzy by omitting details of hisShow MoreRelatedWrite a Critical Analysis of Jane Austen’s Novel Pride and Prejudice, Paying Special Attention to Family Politics. Comment on the Elizabeth – Darcy Relationship. What Makes E lizabeth and Darcy Different from All Other Characters in the Novel?909 Words   |  4 PagesWrite a critical analysis of Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice, paying special attention to family politics. Comment on the Elizabeth – Darcy relationship. What makes Elizabeth and Darcy different from all other characters in the novel? Student: Daniela Gospodinova In the 19th century in England, when Jane Austen writes, the marriage is something that every young woman wants - to marry a single, wealthy men, showing both joy and gratitude. In the beginning of the novel, the openingRead MorePride Prejudice Literature Analysis1311 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Analysis 2 The most difficult part of creating a masterpiece is the actual process of writing or composing it, one highly overlooked difficulty of the job of the creator is the development of a suitable title. In just a few words, an effective title gives the audience a basic idea of what they are about to spend their time reading about. Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice is an example of a novel with such a title that is very significant in the development of the story. As the readerRead MoreEssay on Jane Austen Novels: Success After Death1679 Words   |  7 PagesJane Austen Novels: Success after Death Chuck Leddy, a notable critic, stated Upon her death in 1817, English novelist Jane Austen was completely unknown in the literary world. Why would someone as brilliant as Jane Austen not be world known? By 1817, Austen had already published one of her masterpieces Sense and Sensibility, and it seemed to not bring in as much success as it would later on in life. But the dry spell would eventually end. Two hundred years after Jane Austens death, her booksRead MoreClass In Pride And Prejudice Analysis844 Words   |  4 Pagesembodies† (17). Yet, while Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice sets out to challenge societal misgivings, it also suggests hints at a reinforcement of a patriarchal and capitalistic hierarchy. Therefore, one must ask if Austen’s work is readily attempting to challenge society and transform it to match the more feminine and self-aware conceptions presented in the text through its protagonist, Elizabeth Bennet, and her experience. Ultimately, does A usten in Pride and Prejudice reinforce or challenge ‘class’Read MoreThe Function and Importance of Letters in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice1272 Words   |  5 PagesThe Function and Importance of Letters in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Introduction In her classic novel, Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen describes the tribulations of Elizabeth Bennett, one of five sisters, as she struggles to navigate the social mores and values of early 19th century England. During this period in history, correspondence was almost entirely through written letters but the postal system in London made deliveries a dozen times a day, meaning that it was possible to writeRead MorePride And Prejudice Love Essay1238 Words   |  5 Pagesemanated. The basis for this analysis was whether relationships should be navigated utilizing emotion and feeling or reason and logic. The literary work of Regency era author, Jane Austen, details such a balance, as it endeavors to convey Austen’s interpretation of true affection between couples of well-examined intrinsic morality. The characters of Fitzwilliam Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice contend with the moral vices of pride and prejudice as they overcome judgementsRe ad MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1418 Words   |  6 PagesMarriage is a fundamental topic in Jane Austen’s famous novel, Pride and Prejudice. Readers become invested in the lives of the Bennet sisters who are constantly dreaming of relationships. Still unknown, however, is Austen’s reason for writing this novel that is so extremely concentrated on marriage. Some critics believe that Austen wrote the novel to portray how different social classes affected the lives of women such as the Bennet sisters. Others, however, believe that the novel was writtenRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1285 Words   |  6 PagesPride and Prejudice Analysis I.Introduction Jane Austen wrote her novels during the time period known as the Regency. The Enlightenment and the Age of Reason, a time where ideas like democracy, secularism, and the rise of developing sciences were making their way across Europe had come to an end.It was replaced with the wave of horror that was the French Revolution, a once minor revolt that escalated into a violent war, concluding with the rise of Napoleon, which whom England fought against the majorityRead MoreManners in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen3437 Words   |  14 Pages Pride and Prejudice Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice not only established her historical importance among scholars and critics, but continues to remain popular. Pride and Prejudice, a comedy of manners, was published in 1813, and is a staple of the English literature. It recreates the social world of the landed gentry of early 19th-century England and embodies the theme that preconceptions and egotism can overcome true love. Pride and Prejudice is somewhat autobiographical; emphasizes the key elementsRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1434 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice was considered a radical novel back in 1813 when she wrote and published the piece. It is a social commentary on the treatment and societal standards of women, as well marriage expectations at the turn of the 19th century. Austen criticizes the patriarchal society, materialism, double standards of men and women by centering the book around Elizabeth Bennett, a young woman of decent means who does no t understand the reason for the pressure to find a suitable husband

Mass Media On Children s Lives - 1478 Words

Mass Media in Our Children’s Lives What is more important than children? Children define the very notion of innocence in the world, untouched or soiled by the cruelty and brutality of their soon-to-be-inherited society. †¨Generation after generation is brought up and raised through this ruthless and heartless world, struggling to remain pure and preserve their blamelessness. The race to maintain our children’s innocence, however, is now being blatantly surpassed by a new kind of competitor: one never to have been seen before—the media. In modern American society, media plays a vital role in children’s lives that is having damaging effects on them as they mature into our country’s future adults. As a child grows and moves through†¦show more content†¦However, as adolescents grow, and family generally becomes less important to them in their lives and in their decision making processes, thus being replaced by other influences of socializ ation such as friends, media, and popular image (Schaefer 86). Through this slow withdrawal of family prominence in adolescents’ lives, and the evident rise of other determining socializers, the question becomes: what is the substituting primary agent of socialization in these developing children and their lives? Sadly, the answer is the media. Across the United States, youth are exposed in massive amounts to media influence and the dangers that it beholds. For instance, teenagers in the U.S. spend an average of seven hours on media every single day: four hours of which are on television, and two hours spent listening to music or other audio (Johnson). Through these long hours of exposure, media relentlessly extinguishes kids’ positive thinking patterns, replacing them with its own corrupt and immoral techniques which were merely made to create heavier media users and further the media’s moneymaking scheme. Over the course of children’s contact with the t elevision, the average American child sees approximately 20,000 commercials every year (Schaefer 152). Each advertisement, proposing a new idea or product that suggests

Equity Theory of Motivation free essay sample

Theory of Motivation As the cliche goes, no man is an island. Everything man does is influenced by other men and his environment. Be it in school or at work, the reason why people persevere lies on the desire to achieve a certain goal. Hence, motivation is essential to keep the drive of doing things passionately and effectively. However, the enthusiasm to sustain the dream and keep the motivation alive can be tampered by life’s uncertainties. Given the unique characteristics that each student possess, the amount of effort exerted by an average student does not always equal the amount of effort exerted by an outlier in class, yet the results are the same or sometimes exceeded by the outlier. Perhaps there are instances when studying overnight and not studying at all yielded the same result. These situations affect the level of motivation a student harness when studying. The feeling of unfairness affects how he/she will prepare for the next exam. We will write a custom essay sample on Equity Theory of Motivation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the workplace setting, motivation is likewise an important factor to increase productivity. For example, an employee who worked overtime to get the job well done vis-a-vis an employee who slacked off and produced a mediocre output both received the same salary and the same praises from their boss. The hardworking employee might feel wronged upon seeing how his extra effort was overlooked. To give justice to the unfairness he feels, he opts to mimic the other employee, thus also producing a mediocre output. The equity theory of motivation, developed by workplace and behavioral psychologist John Stacey Adams in 1963, is grounded on the concept that employees tend to seek equity or balance in the amount of input they give to their job or relationship with their bosses, and the output they receive. The inputs referred in this theory include college degree, hard work, effort, committment, ability, adaptability, determination, flexibility, skill, loyalty, tolerance, enthusiasm, trust in superiors, support from colleages, personal sacrifice and the like. On the other hand, outputs come in the form of financial benefits like salary, bonuses, and perks, and also intangible benefits such as recognition from superiors, praises, responsibility, job security, good reputation, sense of achievement, personal growth and the like. When an employees inputs outweigh his or her outputs, he or she becomes demotivated and unhappy. To achieve equity, the behavioral response is to balance out the input-output equation by asking for an increase in the output side, or imply diminishing his or her input. The state of equity lie on the perception of an employee in relation to another employees input and output ratio, which shows that employee motivation is subjective nature. However, an employer or managers role of keeping employees motivated should not be deterred by this notion. Instead, understanding the sources of employee dissatisfaction and demotivation can help managers address the issues surrounding the workplace to allow for a more productive and work-conducive environment. http://www. mindtools. com/pages/article/newLDR_96. htm) The equity theory is more commonly known as the social comparison theory or the inequity theory since an employee compares his input-output ratio with another employees input-output ratio to determine equity, and an employee who feels inequity or unfairness reduces this through his behavior and attitude towards work. The â€Å"exchange relationship† between work and compensation in comparison with a colleage draws forth discernment of what is fair and unfair. To grasp the intuition behind the theory, four objects must be present which include the person, whose aim is to reduce whatever inequity feeling he or she has; the comparison to other, which pertains to the benchmark person from whom equity and inequity is determined; the inputs and the outputs. According to the theory, a person first compares inputs and outputs with a comparison other, then determines if there is inequity or unequal input/output ratio between himself/herself and comparison other. Basically, the theory assumes that an individual addresses his/her inequity feeling after comparison to others, and remains at the level where equity is achieved. Several ways a person does in reaching equity include altering his/her inputs, altering his/her outputs, distorting his inputs and outputs cognitively, finding a new job, or changing the person of comparison. (Gogia, 2010) In line with this, Huseman, Hattfield and Miles (1987) dissected the equity theory into four basic ideas. First, the notion of fairness is conceived through comparing an individual’s input and outcomes ratio with others. The other does not necessarily require a colleage, because it can also be his/her old self. Comparing the amount of effort exerted and the amount of salary received to a colleage’s or an old job facilitates the judgment of what is fair to an individual. Second, if the compared ratios are not equal, then there is inequity. The two kinds of inequity are underpayment inequity and overpayment inequity. Underpayment inequity happens when an individual deems that his/her ratio is smaller than others, or in other words, his great effort mismatches with the benefit received as compared to another employee. On the contrary, overpayment inequity occurs when a big compensation is received from the little effort exerted, as compared to other coworkers. Third, the greater the difference in inequity, the greater tension and distress the individual feels. The different attitudes people have toward life’s unfairness in general brought about the three kinds of equity-sensitive people namely the benevolents, the equity sensitives and the entitleds, with the benevolents being the most tolerant of underrewards, and the entitleds having the most preference of over-rewards. The equity sensitives just want their ratio to be the same with others, but the entitleds believe that the world owes them, so it is just rightful for them to receive more. Forth, the more intense feeling of tension brought about by inequity, the harder an individual will work to restore equity. This is just like how a more oppressed victim is more thirsty he is to seek justice, if not revenge. The ways in achieving equity varies from person to person. Upon experiencing the feeling of unfairness, the assumption of this theory is that employees will find ways to reduce inequity. The two most typical ways are through behavioral options and cognitive options, where the latter is used more often used since it is both less riskier and easier to do than the former. For behavioral options, the employees change their input to match outcomes like slacking off or leaving work early, changing outcomes to match input by asking for an increase, or perpetrating a crime like theft or fraud, persuading others to change inputs by complaining to superiors, and withdrawal through tardiness, absenteeism or quitting the job. As for the cognitive options, the employee distorts his own inputs or outcomes by underestimating his own performance so that the inputs will match the output; distort the inputs or outcomes of others by thinking that others earn more because they probably deserve it; change the comparison others by choosing a different benchmark for them to feel better. (â€Å"Motivation theories†, 2009) Applying this theory in the government office place gives a clearer understanding as to why in general, government employeees are unmotivated and unhappy with their jobs. Perhaps they have once tried to work dilligently, but only end up with having the same across-the-board incentive as fellow workers who do not work as hard as them. Hence, the Aquino administration came up with the performance-based incentive system to allow a fair compensation to those who deserve to be rewarded. By altering the outcome through a performance-based bonus, government employees try to match their performance to the amount of bonus they wish to receive. Motivation Theories. (2009, April 26). Knowing how grades, scores or output are obtained help an individual’s goal setting and invoke the determination and commitment to achieve the said goal. What more if the employees themselves determine how they are to be rated? Having an opinion and first hand experience in developing performance measure criteria make employees not only feel valued, but also feel a sense of fairness because they know that the criteria they set are attainable and reasonable. Groen, Wouters and Wilderom (2012) conducted a field study to investigate why employees perform better when they are involved in developing peformance measures. The study used the theory of planned behavior, which states that beliefs predict how individuals behave or plan to behave. Gathering data from meetings, interviews, company information data, quantitative questionnaire and first-hand experience in the field in a beverage manufacturing company, bottling line employees were found to be more motivated, have more initiative, and more positively affected by social pressure when they were involved in developing performance measures. The variables examined in the study included attitude towards the job, social pressure from coworkers, capability from personal skills. All these variables were found to positively and significantly influence an employee’s intiative towards his job, thus increasing his productivity. The study showed that productivity and initative of the employees who were aware and had a say on performance measurement criteria improved the departments’ overall performance. 7. Models of Performance-Measurement Use in Local Governments: Understanding Budgeting, Communication, and Lasting Effects (Melkers Willoghby, 2005) Since performance measurement has been emphasized in various literatures, the importance of having them adopted and implemented is no longer debatable. Performance measurement schemes help in understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the organization, and it also serves as an objective basis of planning the budget to be used to fund government projects. The study of Melkers and Willoghby (2005) paid close attention to the usefulness of performance-based information on the operations of the local government in the US, communication, and budgetary decisions. The pervasiveness of performance measurement implementation in the US was also studied through the results obtained from a national survey of city and county administrators and budgeters of nearly 300 governments. Multiple regression analysis was implemented to find out whether dependent variables budget effects, communication effects and lasting effects index were individually affected by independent variables community characteristics, respondent characteristics, organizational culturea and performance measurement characteristics. The results showed that although the use of performance indicators was pervasive, the respondents were apathetic with regards to the effectiveness of these performance measurements for budgetary concerns and operational processes within the government unit. . Promoting the Utilization of Performance Measures in Public Organizations: An Empirical Study of Factors Affecting Adoption and Implementation (Julnes Holzner, 2001) It is true that performance measurements are vital for making informed decisions. Both public and private firms need to be guided on a set of parameters that help them determine where they have done well and what areas need improvement. If the government departments are serious n improving their service to the public, then coming up with a set of criteria and implementing these evaluation criteria would be essential in determining where to start the change. Despite recognizing the importance of having performance measures, there are several issues that impede the development and usage of a performance measurement scheme. The empirical study by Julnes and Holzner (2001) examined the factors that hamper the utilization of performance measurement in public organizations in the US. A sample of state and local government employees were drawn from the Government Financial Officers Association, International City/County Management Association of College and University Business Officers obtained from GASB. A total of 934 questionnaires were sent to state and local government employees across the nation in 1997. The variables used in the survey included adoption and implementation for the dependent variable, and external requirements, internal requirements, internal interest groups, external interest groups, attitudes, risk taking, information, resources, goal orientation, percent unionized, government type and position. Using ordinary least square mulitple-regression analyses, the results of the study revealed that output measures were developed for various programs, but efficiency measures and outcome measures were less developed. Looking at the performance measure usage, the researchers found out that efficiency and outcome measures were less used for strategic planning, resource allocation, program management, monitoring and evaluation, reporting to internal management, electec officials, citizens or media. Aside from these, the researchers’ findings showed that internal requirements, external requirements, goal orientation and access to information positively and significantly affect the adoption of performance measures, while external interest groups and internal requirements positively affect implementation of performance measures, but unionization negatively affect implementation. Overall, the policy of using performance measures would more likely be adopted if it were an internal requirement wherein top management commits to the effort of evaluating government programs. On the contrary, external requirement would not automatically merit the implementation of performance measures since factors such as organizations’ ability, politician’s support, sufficient resources and commitment to the purpose were lacking if not missing. The study suggests that public administrators be aware that performance measure is a two-step process namely adoption and implementation, wherein factors affecting adoption include mostly rational and technocratic theory, while actual implementation are determined by political and cultural factors. Julnes Holzner, 2001) 11. The Use of Performance Measurement Systems in the Public Sector: Effects on Performance (Spekle Verbeeten, 2013) Performance measurement information are collected and used in various ways such as strategic planning, budgeting, and employee bonus planning. The immense benefits of measuring performance outweighs the costs of collecting such data, which is why most government agencies have already instilled in their system a peformance measurement mechanism for reference. In the study of Spekle and Verbeeten (2013), the researchers explored whether the pefromance measurement system actually improves or deters organizational performance. They also introduced the concept of contractibility, which means clear goals, undistorted pefromance metrics, managers’ knowledge and control of the transformation process. Public sector organizations that have high contractibility were expected to be better than those organizations with low contractibilty in terms of performance. The test was done through a survey of 101 public sector organizations in the US. The results showed that contractibility influences the way incentive-oriented use of the performance measurement system and performance. More interestingly, the researchers concluded that usign the performance measurement system for incentive purposes negatively influences organizational performance, unless contractibility is high. Disregarding contractibility, performance measurement system tends to enhance performance.

Venus And Adonis Essays - Operas, Nude Art, Venus And Adonis, Adonis

Venus And Adonis Venus and Adonis: Images of Sexuality in Nature Love is the answer, but while you are waiting for the answer, sex raises some pretty good questions. - Woody Allen Throughout his plays and poetry Shakespeare imbeds numerous and diverse themes, many of them relating to love, sexuality, life, death, religion and countless others. In his poem Venus and Adonis Shakespeare tackles the theme of sexuality as a representation of love, and a function of Nature. The characters of Venus and Adonis, often times reminiscent of an Elizabethan fallen Adam and Eve, create a sexually charged poem that lends much of the power and influence of love and life and death to Nature. Shakespeare creates a natural phenomenon that physically links the love and actions of these two characters to the forces, both positive and destructive, to Nature herself. The poem allows Venus and Adonis a certain power or authority over the forces that lie within the powers of Nature, but Shakespeare's creation of this sexual narrative as a depiction of erotic desire as a tragic event leads the characters to inevitable misfortune, and a complete loss of control over their circumstances. Shakespeare's text can be broadly divided into three sections. The first being Venus' expressions of love for Adonis, the second involving Adonis' death and the hunt, and the third and final section focuses on Venus' reaction to the loss of Adonis. In the first third, Venus tries with increasing desperation to entice Adonis into sex. The pastoral setting on the primrose bank is ideal for the sexually charged analogies she creates. She bombards him with oxymorons involving hot ice, showers him with floral metaphors, launches into an extended variation on the old carpe diem theme, and cracks familiar puns on words such as harts and deer. Venus seems to have inspired control over her own body, and wondrously metamorphosizes her form to suit her purpose, making it heavy enough to need trees to support it, then giving the violets she lies on the strength of trees (152). For all its desperation, the first section is energetic and hopeful, emphasizing Adonis' youth and Venus' constantly self-renewing flesh. The descriptions of love found here are wholly sexual and physically based, but there is a desperate strength in Venus' repeated attempts and persistence. However, at the center of the poem Adonis announces that he intends to hunt the boar the next day. Venus collapses with the boy on top of her, and follows what ought to be the sexual climax of Venus' attempts to lure Adonis into her bed, but all Venus gets from the encounter is frustration: `all is imaginary she doth prove' (597). In this next section of the poem, which takes place in the forest, Venus speaks of fear, the fear of the boar and the terror of the hunted hare. Death, which has been a veiled presence throughout the first half, becomes the controlling factor of the second. Instead of urging Adonis to beget, Venus warns him that he will be murdering his own posterity if he fails to make love (757-60). The youthfulness of Adonis, which had been described in such vital terms in the first section, able to `drive infection from the dangerous year' (508), suddenly finds itself subjected to more infections than it can hope to cure: As burning fevers, agues pale and faint, Life-poisoning pestilence and frenzies wood, The marrow-eating sickness whose attaint Disorder breeds by heating of the blood (739-42). At the same time Venus loses control over her body. As she hurries through the woods after the sound of Adonis' horn, her body is subjected to the intrusive gropings of bushes: Some catch her by the neck, some kiss her face, / Some twine about her thigh to make her stay (872-3). This attack on Venus' physical body, and her inability to stop it renders her even more powerless, and her dominating sexuality is turned to frightened reserve as she searches for Adonis. Her efforts to entice Adonis through her pastoral metaphors have failed, even after she evidences her love through the tangible elements of Nature. In the first half of Shakespeare's poem Venus struggles to create a poetic Eden out of the substance of Adonis' body and her own. She tells him that

Automatic car navigation system Essay Example

Automatic car navigation system Essay Example Automatic car navigation system Essay Automatic car navigation system Essay What is Automated Car Navigation System? It has been about 100 old ages since autos have been turn overing out of the mills and there has been singular promotions in engineering, from the traditional maximal 40 km/hr to the present twenty-four hours 300 km/hr, along came many radical engineerings and detectors, for illustration the distant detector which senses if there is any obstruction while parking the auto. All this has been possible by utilizing the microprocessors in the auto. All the determination devising after feeling the obstruction is done by the microprocessor. What would be the following radical thing now? Cars can wing? ! Well, yes that can excessively be the following large thing, but since we are speaking about the microprocessors and there coming in car sector, the following large thing which seems to me is the automatic auto pilotage system. Yes, auto thrusts itself, The user merely gives in the finish and the auto figures out the way, steering itself carefully through the traffic. Present Day Technology Soon there is non working paradigm in the commercial sector, but there is a batch of research and development traveling on. Let s discuss few of them- GPS Navigation: The most common technique is the usage of Global Positioning Satellite to obtain the current coordinates of the auto and the coordinates of our finish and this information is fed into the computing machine which decides which is the shortest way to make the finish. Demerits: Lack of truth ( mistake is in metres ) and the engineering is expensive as it would necessitate more orbiters to be fired up into the infinite Options An option to the GPS solution is utilizing the A ; lsquo ; Local Mapping Technique . When we travel in an unknown terrain, how best do we make a finish? By inquiring the people local to that location, For illustration person coming from Delhi to Chehrhu take the national main road and when it will make Punjab it will look for route marks and inquire local people the shortest way to make Chehrhu. Same solution we will use to our pilotage system. Rather than linking all the autos to a geostationary orbiter, we can on the contrary connect these autos to local waiters, much like how our nomadic phones interact with the nomadic towers. Each auto will act like a nomadic set and everytime it enters the A ; lsquo ; coverage country of our pilotage waiters, it will interact with it by directing a long whole number value ( bespeaking it s finish reference ) , the waiter will so decrypt the whole number value and figure out the finish. It will subsequently pass on the little instructions to the auto and assist the auto to voyage. Like in our analogy, a local individual might state us A ; lsquo ; Go straight till You hit a left bend, take left and so once more travel directly till You reach a chownk . After making the A ; lsquo ; chownk we once more ask for the following direction from another individual. The local waiter will state something similar to the auto and the auto will merely follow the instructions. How will the auto cognize where is it heading? How will the auto still cognize how much distance to go till it fetches the following direction? One method can be mensurating the distances, by cognizing the current velocity of the auto and the clip the auto travelled at that velocity and merely ciphering the distance it travelled by the speed-distance expression. In this instance the waiter will pass on the distance that the auto should go before it farther asks for following instructions from it. Puting it all together So before we start discoursing our Automatic Car Navigation System, allow s see what the basic thought truly is. The Car tells the waiter ( via a transceiver ) where it presently is and where it wants to travel. The waiter calculates the shortest possible way and saves it in memory. The waiter so sends instructions to auto and hence helps it to voyage The auto moves the instructed distance and so seeks for following direction from the waiter. This is continued till the auto reaches its finish. We would be utilizing 8051 microcontroller in both Car and Server. What are the constituents of Our system? The chief constituents of our system are- Car Waiter Map They are discussed in item in the undermentioned subdivisions. Car The auto is a 3 Wheeler design whose forward two tyres are connected with Stepper Motors and a rear tyre is connected at the centre. Diagrammatic representation of Car The ground why we are utilizing Stepper Motors is it will work out the job of mensurating distance. The auto would cover a distance of 2*Pi*radius ( equal to the perimeter of the tyre ) in a 360o rotary motion. If the hoofer angle of stepper motor is, say, 1o, so the auto covers a distance of ( 2*Pi ) /360o, which comes out to be equal to 0.0174 metres in a individual measure rotary motion ( presuming radius of the tyre to be 1 metre ) . Now, for illustration, the auto has to travel 20 metres, so, the figure of 1 degree rotary motions it would necessitate for the auto to cover that distance would be 20/0.0174, which comes out to be approximately 1176 rotary motions. Now let s hold a expression at elaborate construction of auto. Different Components of Car The auto communicates with the waiter via a Radio Frequency Transreceiver ( the 1 that is being used in this undertaking is of Sunrom company- RF TR433 ) . The operating frequence is 433 MHz and has a scope of 100 metres. The Microcontroller 8051 interacts with the transreceiver via interface IC ST1197. This IC has been used to simplify things because it automatically performs some basic maps such as cyclic redundancy cheque, etc. Waiter The waiter is the chief guiding constituent of our system. It is the waiter which calculates the shortest possible way and so steer the auto to make at that place. It consists of following constituents. Components of Server Map The Real-World Physical Map had to be digitalized in order that the waiter understands the locations and figures out a manner. The most simplest method was followed, the whole map was plotted on a grid in such a mode that the entire figure of grid squares that the map consumes is an built, the map merely consumed 15 grid squares and non 15.2 or 15.3, that is a whole figure. Each square Grid represents two co-ordinates ; thereby an array was created in the package which has same figure of indices as that of Grid Squares. The Square Grids over which the motion of that auto is possible have been assigned a corresponding value of 1 in the array ; others have been assigned a value 0 in the array. This was how the map has been digitalized. The undermentioned Figure gives an illustration: The transition of a Physical Map to a Digital Map Array How make the Car and Server Communicate with each other? The communicating between the auto and the waiter is carried on by following some peculiar Protocols. The Protocols are briefly divided into two types- the 1s followed by the auto and the 1s followed by the waiter. The first message that the auto sends to the waiter is chiefly a 6 byte message. This 6 byte message tells the waiter where is the auto standing, where does the auto wants to travel and it s orientation with regard to absolute. The diagram in the following page describes what does each byte represent in their several order. The Data Bytes sent by auto in the first message to the waiter. The orientation of the auto is with regard to the map. For the interest of simpleness the orientation of the auto has been divided into merely four waies merely. The Diagram on the right explains how the orientation byte is assigned a value with regard to the absolute ( 0,0 ) co-ordinate of the map. Orientation System of the Car After the first transmittal, the Server calculates the shortest way to the finish and saves it in its memory. It so sends distances to the auto following the protocol given in the diagram on the following page ( a ) . The auto performs the map as directed by Byte 2 and so sends a message to the map utilizing the undermentioned protocol given in the following page ( B ) . ( a ) . Protocol followed by the waiter ( B ) Protocol followed by the auto during 2nd transmittal The distances are sent in whole number value ( whole Numberss ) for the interest of simpleness. If the value is 100 it represents a left bend ( with regard to the auto s orientation ) , if the value is 200 it represents a right bend ( with regard to the auto s orientation ) ; the staying values represent distances. Example Assume the auto is standing at a location ( 11,0 ) on the physical map and it intends to make its finish which is located at ( 14,8 ) . The auto is presently in a way of negative Y axis ( with regard to the 0,0 co-ordinates of the physical map ) ; Hence the orientation of the auto has a value of 0. The auto would direct the undermentioned message to the waiter: 256/11/00/14/08/00 Byte 1: 256 ( particular codification ) Byte 2: 11 ( ten co-ordinate of auto ) Byte 3: 00 ( y co-ordinate of auto ) Byte 4: 14 ( ten co-ordinate of auto ) Byte 5: 08 ( y co-ordinate of auto ) Byte 6: 00 ( orientation of auto ) The waiter will have the information, calculate the shortest possible way and so convey 1 direction at a clip. The instructions to be transmitted one by one would be in following mode: First Transmission: 6/2 ( Entire figure of instructions left excepting this one is 6 ; Move a distance of 2 unit squares ) Second Transmission: 5/200 ( Number of instructions left are 5 ; Turn to your right ) Third Transmission: 4/1 ( Number of instructions left are 4 ; Move a distance of 1 unit square ) Fourth Transmission: 3/100 ( Number of instructions left are 3 ; Turn to your left ) Fifth Transmission: 2/4 ( Number of instructions left are 2 ; Move a distance of 2 unit squares ) Sixth Transmission: 1/100 ( Number of instructions left are 1 ; Turn to your left ) Seventh Transmission: 0/5 ( Number of instructions left are 0 ; Move a distance of 5 unit squares ) To every transmittal of the waiter the auto will convey 2 bytes. First being the entire figure of instructions left ( the same value as it received from the waiter ) and 2nd being a verification byte holding a value of 1. Merits No excess investing on hardware required: We already have so many nomadic towers installed and we can utilize them for pilotage, the nomadic companies can supply the function information. Simple, Reliable and Accurate: This is a more accurate solution as the auto merely contacts a local waiter so it is highly accurate. The auto is relieved: The biggest demerit of other techniques is the auto has to calculate out everything, the way to the finish, hit sensings, etc. etc. In Our method the auto merely follows the instructions that comes from a dependable waiter and hence it is free to make other services like hit sensing, etc. etc. Imagine the Possiblities Imagine a clip where we merely plug in our nomadic phones and the auto connects to the nearest nomadic waiter and drives itself to the finish. What will my Term Paper focal point upon? I will be concentrating upon the pilotage system- The waiter, how it will cipher the shortest way, the communicating between auto and the waiters, the pilotage of auto. The undertaking will dwell of a simple auto, a waiter and a little map as a paradigm for presentation. I will howoever non working upon hit sensings and the traffic flux of the system. Since it would merely be a paradigm at that place would merely be a individual auto, and straight roads with 90 grade bends, so there is no demand of advanced hit sensing techniques.

Turkey Facts, Biology, and Statistics

Turkey Facts, Biology, and Statistics The turkey is a very popular bird, especially around the holiday season. Before sitting down to enjoy that holiday meal, pay tribute to this splendid bird by discovering some of these fascinating turkey facts. Wild vs Domesticated Turkeys The wild turkey is the only type of poultry native to North America and is the ancestor of the domesticated turkey. Although wild and domesticated turkeys are related, there are some differences between the two. While wild turkeys are capable of flight, domesticated turkeys cannot fly. Wild turkeys typically have dark colored feathers, while domesticated turkeys are commonly bred to have white feathers. Domesticated turkeys are also bred to have large breast muscles. The big breast muscles on these turkeys make mating too difficult, so they must be artificially inseminated. Domesticated turkeys are a good, low-fat source of protein. They have become an increasingly popular choice of poultry because of their taste and good nutritional value. Turkey Names What do you call a turkey? The scientific name for the wild and modern domesticated turkey is Meleagris gallopavo. The common names used for the number or type of turkey changes depending on the age or sex of the animal. For example, male turkeys are called toms, female turkeys are called hens, young males are called jakes,  baby turkeys are called poults, and a group of turkeys is called a flock. Turkey Biology Turkeys have some curious features that stand out upon first glance. One of the first things people notice about turkeys are the red, fleshy stretches of skin and bulbous growths located around the head and neck region. These structures are the: Caruncles:  These are fleshy bumps on the head and neck of both male and female turkeys. Sexually mature males may have large carnuncles with bright colors which are attractive to females.Snood:  Hanging over a turkeys beak is a long flap of flesh called the snood. During courtship, the snood enlarges and becomes red as it fills with blood in the male.Wattle:  These are flaps of red skin that hang from the chin. Males with large wattles are more attractive to females. Another prominent and noticeable feature of the turkey is its plumage. Voluminous feathers cover the breast, wings, back, body and tail of the bird. Wild turkeys can have over 5,000 feathers.  During courtship, males will puff up their feathers in a display to attract females. Turkeys also have what is called a beard located in the chest area. Upon sight, the beard appears to be hair, but is actually a mass of thin feathers. Beards are most commonly seen in males but may occur much less commonly in females. Male turkeys also have sharp, spike-like projections on their legs called spurs. Spurs are used for protection and defense of territory from other males. Wild turkeys can run as speed of 25 miles per hour and fly at speeds of up to 55 miles per hour. Turkey Senses Vision: A turkeys eyes are located on opposite sides of its head. The position of the eyes allows the animal to see two objects at once, but limits its depth perception. Turkeys have a wide field of vision and by moving their neck, they can gain a 360-degree field of view. Hearing: Turkeys do not have external ear structures such as tissue flaps or canals to assist with hearing. They have small holes in their head located behind the eyes. Turkeys have a keen sense of hearing and can pinpoint sounds from as far as a mile away. Touch: Turkeys are highly sensitive to touch in areas such as the beak and feet. This sensitivity is useful for obtaining and maneuvering food. Smell and Taste: Turkeys do not have a highly developed sense of smell. The region of the brain that controls olfaction is relatively small. Their sense of taste is believed to be underdeveloped as well. They have fewer taste buds than  mammals and can detect salt, sweet, acid, and bitter tastes. Turkey Facts andStats According to the National Turkey Federation, 95 percent of Americans surveyed eat turkey during Thanksgiving. They also estimate that about 45 million turkeys are consumed each Thanksgiving holiday. This translates to about 675 million pounds of turkey. With that being said, one would think that November would be National Turkey Lovers Month. However, it is the month of June that is actually dedicated to turkey lovers. Turkeys range is size from small fryers (5-10 pounds) to larger turkeys weighing over 40 pounds. Large holiday birds typically mean a fair amount of leftovers. According to the Minnesota Turkey Research and Promotion Council, the top five most popular ways to serve turkey leftovers are: sandwiches, soups or stews, salads, casseroles, and stir-fry. Resources:Dickson, James G. The Wild Turkey: Biology and Management. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books, 1992. Print.â€Å"Minnesota Turkey.† Minnesota Turkey Growers Association, http://minnesotaturkey.com/turkeys/. â€Å"Turkey Facts Stats.† Nebraska Department of Agriculture, nda.nebraska.gov/promotion/poultry_egg/turkey_stats.html.â€Å"Turkey History Trivia† National Turkey Federation, eatturkey.com/why-turkey/history.

Phosphorus, Nitrogen & Microbiological based water pollution from Essay

Phosphorus, Nitrogen & Microbiological based water pollution from municipal sources - Essay Example Water pollution usually occurs when a water body gets contaminated by different materials which are usually not present in it and which are harmful in nature. So in such a situation the water body is no longer useful for its intended use and hence is termed as polluted. If we consider the case of pollutants, there are two variants of water pollution. They are called as point source and non point source. Point sources of pollution happen when harmful substances are emitted directly in the water body and non point sources are those which deliver pollutants indirectly usually through environmental effects. It is generally regarded that water pollution which arises from non point sources are usually difficult to deal and ironically these are the ones which account for a majority of the contaminants in water bodies like streams and lakes. In order to understand the whole scenario clearly lets give a brief introduction to causes of pollution. We all know that there are many elements which cause pollution. Some of the important ones are sewage and fertilizers. These are dangerous because they contain nutrients like nitrates and phosphates. The main problem is that these nutrients stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and excessive growth of these organisms clogs the waterways. They also block light to the deeper section of the water body and this affects fish and other living organisms.   Pollution is also caused when silt and other suspended solids, such as soil, construction and logging sites, urban areas, and eroded river banks when it rains. Normally, lakes, rivers, and other water bodies undergo Eutrophication, an aging process that slowly fills in the water body with sediment and organic matter.   When these sediments enter various bodies of water, fish respiration becomes impaired, plant productivity and water depth become